"Fix" String encoding in Java

Question

I have a `String` created from a `byte[]` array, using UTF-8 encoding. However, it should have been created using another encoding (Windows-1252). Is there a way to convert this String back to the right encoding? I know it's easy to do if you have access to the original byte array, but it my case it's too late because it's given by a closed source library.

Accepted Answer

As there seems to be some confusion on whether this is possible or not I think I'll need to provide an extensive example.

The question claims that the (initial) input is a `byte[]` that contains Windows-1252 encoded data. I'll call that `byte[]` `ib` (for "initial bytes").

For this example I'll choose the German word "Bär" (meaning bear) as the input:

```
byte[] ib = new byte[] { (byte) 0x42, (byte) 0xE4, (byte) 0x72 };
String correctString = new String(ib, "Windows-1252");
assert correctString.charAt(1) == '\u00E4'; //verify that the character was correctly decoded.
```

(If your JVM doesn't support that encoding, then you can use ISO-8859-1 instead, because those three letters (and most others) are at the same position in those two encodings).

The question goes on to state that some other code (that is outside of our influence) already converted that `byte[]` to a String using the UTF-8 encoding (I'll call that `String` `is` for "input String"). That `String` is the only input that is available to achieve our goal (if `ib` were available, it would be trivial):

```
String is = new String(ib, "UTF-8");
System.out.println(is);
```

This obviously produces the incorrect output "B�".

The goal would be to produce `ib` (or the correct decoding of that `byte[]`) with only `is` available.

Now some people claim that getting the UTF-8 encoded bytes from that `is` will return an array with the same values as the initial array:

```
byte[] utf8Again = is.getBytes("UTF-8");
```

But that returns the UTF-8 encoding of the two characters `B` and `�` and definitely returns the wrong result when re-interpreted as Windows-1252:

```
System.out.println(new String(utf8Again, "Windows-1252");
```

This line produces the output "Bï¿½", which is totally wrong (it is also the same output that would be the result if the initial array contained the non-word "Bür" instead).

So in this case you can't undo the operation, because some information was lost.

There are in fact cases where such mis-encodings can be undone. It's more likely to work, when all possible (or at least occuring) byte sequences are valid in that encoding. Since UTF-8 has several byte sequences that are simply not valid values, you will have problems.

"Fix" String encoding in Java

Solution

Problem